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Biological decomposition of organic matter; associated with anaerobic conditions.
Source: EPA
Wikipedia: Putrefaction is the decomposition of animal proteins, especially by anaerobic microorganisms. Decomposition is a more general process. It results usually in amines such as putrescine and cadaverine, which have a putrid odor. Material that is subject to putrefaction is called putrescible.
In alchemy, putrefaction is the same as fermentation, basically meaning to allow the substance to rot or decompose.
Source: wikipedia
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